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Spartacus (Revealing Antiquity), by Aldo Schiavone
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The slave and gladiator Spartacus has been the subject of myth-making in his own time and of movie-making in ours. Aldo Schiavone brings him squarely into the arena of serious history. Spartacus emerges here as the commander of an army, whose aim was to incite Italy to revolt against Rome and to strike at the very heart of the imperial system.
- Sales Rank: #1194210 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-03-05
- Released on: 2013-03-05
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Booklist
We can be reasonably certain about a few facts regarding Spartacus and the massive slave revolt he led in Italy in the first century BCE. He escaped from a gladiatorial training school, attracted thousands of followers, won several victories against Roman legions, and was defeated and presumably killed in a battle against vastly superior Roman forces. As for the rest, including his character, goals, and personal life, we are left with contradictory sources, speculation, and myth. Schiavone has strived admirably to glean additional truth from this morass. He accepts, as have others, that Spartacus was a Thracian who served as a Roman auxiliary soldier until he deserted for unexplained reasons. He may have then briefly survived as a sort of guerrilla bandit until his capture and enslavement. Schiavone credibly dismisses the idea that Spartacus was some sort of proto-Marxist class warrior; instead, he sees Spartacus as a consummate soldier who was most comfortable fighting, but he doesn’t make clear what he fought for, aside from his own freedom. Still, this is a highly readable, interesting inquiry into a man and a movement that will never be fully understood. --Jay Freeman
Review
Given current interests in resistance and rebellion, books on Spartacus are proliferating, but this one is different. From the commanding perspective of an eminent historian of Rome, it provides both a critical account based on the original sources and a highly readable narrative of one of the greatest slave wars in world history. Schiavone offers a careful reconstruction of what might have happened and a compelling analysis of a losing cause. (Brent Shaw, Princeton University)
The author's goal is to separate the man from the myth and provide a more accurate historical context...Both the newcomer and the experienced Roman historian will find a wealth of entertainment and information. (Publishers Weekly 2012-12-10)
This is a highly readable, interesting inquiry into a man and a movement that will never be fully understood. (Jay Freeman Booklist 2013-02-01)
[This] little book (well under 200 pages, and as small as a dime-store paperback) stands not only as the perfect factual summary of events for the history-curious newcomer...but also as a stylish, engaging guided tour of that summary. Schiavone has a good ear for dramatics and a wonderful way with scene-setting... And although Schiavone reserves his sharpest thinking, fittingly enough, for the subject of slavery in the ancient world, he's very skilled at filling readers in on all aspects of the ancient Roman world--and the outsized characters like Crassus and Pompey who were eventually tasked with the responsibility of bringing the Spartacus rebellion to a speedy end... We can't know much about the charismatic power the Spartacus had, and we can know nothing at all about what, if any, political signals he wanted to send (beyond his mere survival, which may have ended up being the sharpest political signal of them all). But it hardly matters: what we do know has seldom been presented in so spry and enjoyable a monograph as this one. Readers should dispense with the novels and take up this book--no less gripping--instead. (Steve Donoghue Open Letters Monthly 2013-03-01)
There is an intoxicating intensity in classical studies that is hard to match in any other field, with entire theoretical structures standing or falling on a single word or an interpretation of a verb tense. Schiavone has become known, and deemed worthy of English translation, by approaching the old standards of literary elegance and erudition about as well as anybody...Schiavone's Spartacus is no arch-liberator, but a prophetic gambler who found himself with no easy escape from Italy and thus sought to turn Rome's beaten-down neighbor cities against it...You've seen the movie: now get the straight dope. (Colby Cosh Maclean’s 2013-04-08)
Aldo Schiavone's Spartacus attempts to go back to [ancient] sources, analyze them intelligently, and see whether we can find the truth and understand something of the real man. He does his best to trace the rebellion step by step, interweaving his narrative with wider consideration of the nature of slavery in the Roman world and its role in the social and economic system...Schiavone offers a readable, generally sensible and certainly thought-provoking discussion of Spartacus and of first-century slavery. (Adrian Goldsworthy Wall Street Journal 2013-04-05)
Spartacus... attempts to strip away the myth from the historical rebel. It is an intelligent, learned, and challenging account...It is also sensibly succinct. (Mary Beard New York Review of Books 2013-05-09)
Schiavone attempts to drill down through the sedimented legends to the bedrock of historical fact...To understand who Spartacus was and what he wanted, Schiavone argues, it's necessary to read against the grain of the text, and to place him as far as possible in a broad historical context...Ironically, [Spartacus] would become more potent in death than he ever was in life: no longer a local warlord but a symbol of freedom who still has the power to inspire and fascinate more than 2,000 years later. (Adam Kirsch Barnes & Noble Review 2013-06-19)
No work explains so well and so briefly both the triumphs and ultimate failure of Spartacus.
(R. I. Frank Choice 2013-08-01)
About the Author
Aldo Schiavone is Full Professor in Roman Law at the Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane, of which he was the founder, and the Director from 2006 until 2010.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Was Spartacus a revolutionary?
By Roger Fraser
Aldo Schiavone attempts in his short book to defang the left-wing interpretation of Spartacus as a leader of a slave revolution in two ways.
First he denies that Spartacus saw himself, at least after his victories over consular armies in central and northern Italy in 72 BC and maybe even before that, as the leader of a slave revolt. He shed the idea he was a slave and developed notions of himself as a second Hannibal trying to unite Italy into an anti-Roman alliance and march on Rome. The urge to paint Spartacus as a slave merely bent on escaping Italy and returning to Thrace expressed a Roman unwillingness, Schiavone asserts, to allow that slaves---a degraded and despised segment of the population that was increasing mightily in Italy at that time due to Roman conquests---might ever have been attracted to a genuine revolutionary, let alone that angry free rural proletarians would ever have been tempted to join him.
Though Schiavone doesn't say this, the fact Roman historians (except for Florus writing in the years between Trajan and Hadrian) were surprisingly gentle with Spartacus's reputation---Sallust declared him blameless and Varro called him innocent of desertion from the Roman army---is probably a concession they made in order to make him palatable and safe in Rome's pantheon of enemies. That is, it was their ideological intent to establish that only someone proud, noble, and charismatic, someone basically like themselves and certainly not someone in their mind naturally "slavish" and debased, could ever have exerted the influence he did, weld lowly slaves into an armed body, and continually defeat professional Roman armies on their own soil [This is my own interpretation, not Schiavone's, but it fits nicely with Schiavone's points made above].
Second, Aldo Schiavone denies that Spartacus saw himself self-consciously as a leader of a slave revolution trying to overthrow the Roman social order. The author makes things easy for himself by denying that Rome was a class society "in the modern and powerful sense of the word" (page 98), and from that denial it naturally follows that Spartacus could not have possessed class consciousness as a slave. [Schiavone uses these Marxist concepts in warning quotes as though he's already established how anachronistic they are].
He maintains (p. 98 ff.) that class structure requires a labor market in which there is formal legal equality between contracting parties but no real equality in power. He also maintains that growing masses of slaves in Italy were not a creation of any economic process but resulted strictly from military conquests: The latifundia didn't create slaves like productive forces created a proletariat in England; instead, slaves were the condition in which latifundias could exist, not the other way around. Further, he believes that slaves were never motivated by the "shared perception of the need to overthrow the economic system once and for all" (page 102).
These claims, which seem on their face either too restrictive, arbitrary, unconnected, or dredged up merely to buttress a preconceived fixed idea of Schiavone's, actually amount to the claim that the Roman economy was not Europe's at the advent of the Industrial Revolution and therefore classes like those in Europe at that time or later could not have existed.
But this is a straw-man argument at best. Who would disagree? It can just as plausibly be argued against Schiavone that for a class society to exist there has only to be a more or less vague family resemblance between economic structures of different societies, not some rigid and abstract universal of identity they all share. Nor does a full-blown class consciousness have to exist for a class society to exist. After all, Marx made the useful Hegelian-like distinction between a class-in-itself and a class-for-itself. The fact that Rome possessed an aristocracy of immense political and social power and an "equestrian," or merchant, strata; the fact that both these strata between them controlled all the means of production; and the fact that the direct producers of society's wealth (slaves and free artisans) stood at the bottom of the heap and saw their labor viciously exploited---all this, I would think, should be enough to establish the class nature of Roman society.
It's curiously revealing that, far from complementing each other, Aldo Schiavone's two main arguments against Spartacus as a revolutionary do just the opposite. If Roman historians had a need to sanitize Spartacus's reputation and trivialize his motives, wasn't that because they were keenly aware of the threat he posed as a revolutionary and visionary capable of uniting slaves of different ethnicities? And if Rome was not a deeply and dangerously divided society, why would Roman apologists be concerned to rewrite Spartacus's story in a way that minimizes his revolutionary potential as a folk hero for the masses?
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
History. Just the facts.
By Kim Heimbuch
Spartacus, while a factual Thracian gladiator, has grown throughout history in to one of the greatest fictional superheroes ever born. Little is actually known about Spartacus beyond his historic leadership during the Third Servile War. While many books, movies, and even an in-depth television series can be found on Spartacus, much of what is portrayed is fictional or heavily exaggerated upon the little information about his life we do know.
"Spartacus unquestionably had a charismatic power- by virtue of culture, military and perhaps even oratorical talents, and capacity of vision- superior to that of others, which would have given him an indubitable preeminence."
Author Aldo Schiavone dove deep into history providing fourteen pages of worthy sources shedding further light upon a man who rose from the ash and dust, leading an army of slaves against Roman troops and defying narrowing odds against them. He proved to be of great courage, leadership, and a steadfast tactician as he, alongside no more than seventy other slaves, armed themselves with meager kitchenware and rose up against the guards of Capua.
This book is broken up into three main sections, The Fugitive, The Commander, and The Loser, and heavily utilizes the resources provided to obtain as accurate a story on Spartacus as possible. The author has done a superb job in ensuring that he didn't glorify or elaborate upon what little knowledge was provided. This book, while on a limited source topic, is profoundly written in such a way as to evoke powerful emotions as Spartacus battles demon after demon, never giving up, and leaving his mark rooted deep within history. This is definitely a book you will want to pick up. You won't regret it.
*This book was provided in exchange for an honest review*
*You can view the original review at Musing with Crayolakym and San Francisco & Sacramento City Book
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Some new theories about Spartacus
By Aaa
Aldo Schiavone's book "Spartacus" is a new look at Spartacus and the revolt he led in ancient Rome. The book moves between two streams of thought: a narrative of the revolt and an analysis of slavery in the time of ancient Rome. The shifting back and forth helps for understanding the context of the revolt as it is explained in the narrative parts. What makes this book stand out are Schiavone's new theories about Spartacus. Some of his ideas are more compelling than others; the main ones are:
-Once free, Spartacus tried to overthrow Roman power in Italy rather than escape to freedom
-The slave revolt was influenced and inspired by the cult of Dionysus
-The slave revolt was paralleled by a revolt of the lower classes (oddly, Schiavone also denies the existence of a class system in ancient Rome)
Overall, Schiavone's book is interesting but at times too speculative. He says several times that it's inappropriate to guess about what Spartacus thought and then he goes on to do just that! Schiavone also dismisses some of the ancient writers' estimates without explaining why, other than the estimates being too big. The book does do a good job at telling the story and weaving together all of the various ancient accounts. Although not the best book on the topic, it is a decent choice for someone interested in Spartacus or ancient Rome.
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